The list below indicates the main topics one should study thoroughly to succeed in the exam:

Spectrum Analysis
802.11 Frame Exchanges
MAC Sublayer and Functions
Protocol Analysis
PHY Layers and Technologies
WLAN Medium Access

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CWNP CWAP-403 Exam Topics:

Section	Objectives
Protocol Analysis - 15%
Capture 802.11 frames using the appropriate methods and locations	- Install monitor mode drivers - Select appropriate capture device - Select appropriate capture location - Capture for an appropriate amount of time based on the problem scenario - Scanning channels vs. capturing on a single channel - Capturing in roaming scenarios - Capture with portable protocol analyzers (laptops) - Capture with APs, controllers, and other management solutions - Capture with specialty devices such as handheld analyzers
Analyze 802.11 frame captures to discover problems and find solutions	- Use appropriate display filters to view relevant frames and packets - Use colorization to highlight important frames and packets - Configure and display columns for analysis purposes - View frame and packet decodes and understand the information shown and apply it to the analysis process - Use multiple adapters and channel aggregation to view captures from multiple channels - Implement protocol analyzer decryption procedures - View and use captures statistical information for analysis - Use expert mode for analysis - View and understand peer maps as they relate to communications analysis
Understand and apply the common capture configuration parameters available in protocol analysis tools	- Save to disk - Packet slicing - Event triggers - Buffer options - Channels and channel widths - Capture filters - Channel scanning and dwell time
Utilize additional tools that capture 802.11 frames for the purposes of analysis and troubleshooting	- WLAN scanners and discovery tools - Protocol capture visualization and analysis tools - Centralized monitoring, alerting and forensic tools
Ensure appropriate troubleshooting methods are used with all analysis types	- Define the problem - Determine the scale of the problem - Identify probably causes - Capture and analyze the data - Observe the problem - Choose appropriate remediation steps - Document the problem and resolution
Spectrum Analysis - 15%
Capture RF spectrum data and understand the common views available in spectrum analyzers	- Install, configure and use spectrum analysis software and hardware Configure Wi-Fi integration Save and export capture data - Capture RF spectrum data using handheld, laptop-based and infrastructure spectrum capture solutions - Understand and use spectrum analyzer views Real-time FFT Waterfall, swept spectrogram, density and historic views Utilization and duty cycle Detected devices WLAN integration views
Analyze spectrum captures to identify relevant RF information and issues	- Determine the RF noise floor in an environment - Determine Signal-to-Noise Ration (SNR) for a given signal - Locate and identify sources of RF interference - Identify RF channel utilization - Analyze a non-Wi-Fi transmitter and its impact on WLAN communications - Overlapping and non-overlapping adjacent channel interference - Poor performing or faulty radios
Analyze spectrum captures to identify various device signatures	- Identify frequency hopping devices - Identify various 802.11 PHYs 802.11b 802.11g 802.11a 802.11n 802.11ac Channel widths Primary channel - Identify non-802.11 devices based on RF behaviors and signatures Microwave oven Video devices Jammers Cordless phones
Centralized spectrum analysis solutions	- AP-based spectrum analysis - Sensor-based spectrum analysis
PHY Layers and Technologies - 10%
Understand and describe the functions and the PLCP and PMD sublayers
Apply the understanding of PHY technologies (including PHY headers, preambles, training fields, frame aggregation and data rates) to captured data	- DSSS - HR/DSSS - OFDM - ERP - HT - VHT
Identify and use PHY information provided in pseudo-headers within protocol analyzers	- Pseudo-header formats Radiotap Per Packet Information (PPI) - Signal strength - Data rate and MCS index - Length information - Channel center frequency or received channel - Channel properties - Noise
Recognize the limits of protocol analyzers in capturing PHY information including NULL data packets and PHY headers
Use appropriate capture devices based on an understanding of PHY types	- Supported PHYs - Supported spatial streams - Short Guard Interval (SGI)
MAC Sublayer and Functions - 25%
Understand frame encapsulation and frame aggregation
Identify and use MAC information in captured data for analysis	- Management, control, and data frames - MAC Frame Format Frame Control Field To DS and From DS Address Fields Frame Check Sequence (FCS) - 802.11 Management Frame Formats Information Elements Authentication Association and Reassociation Beacon Probe Request and Probe Response - Data and QoS Data Frame Formats - 802.11 Control Frame Formats Acknowledgement RTS/CTS Block Acknowledgement and related frames
Validate BSS configuration through protocol analysis	- Country code - Minimum basic rate - Supported rates - Beacon intervals - WMM settings - RSN settings - HT and VHT operations - Channel width - Primary channel - Hidden or non-broadcast SSIDs
Identify and analyze CRC error frames and retransmitted frames
WLAN Medium Access - 10%
Understand 802.11 contention algorithms in-depth and know how they impact WLANs	- Distributed Coordination Function (DCF) Carrier Sense and Energy Detect Network Allocation Vector (NAV) Contention Window (CW) and random backoff Interframe Spacing - Enhanced Distributed Channel Access (EDCA) EDCA Function (EDCAF) Access Categories and Queues AIFSN - Wi-Fi Multimedia (WMM) WMM parameters WMM Power Save WMM Admission Control
Analyze QoS configuration and operations	- Verify QoS parameters in capture files - Ensure QoS is implemented end-to-end
802.11 Frame Exchanges - 25%
Capture, understand, and analyze BSS discovery and joining frame exchanges	- BSS discovery - 802.11 Authentication and Association - 802.1X/EAP exchanges - Pre-shared key authentication - Four-way handshake - Group key exchange - Pre-FT (802.11r) fast secure roaming mechanisms - Fast BSS Transition (FT) roaming exchanges and fast secure roaming - Hotspot 2.0 protocols and operations from a client access perspective (ANQP and initial access) - Neighbor discovery
Analyze roaming behavior and resolve problems related to roaming	- Sticky clients - Excessive roaming - Channel aggregation for roaming analysis
Analyze data frame exchanges	- Data frames and acknowledgement frames - RTS/CTS data frame exchanges - QoS data frame exchanges - Block Acknowledgement exchanges
Analyze HT/VHT-specific transmission methods	- MIMO - Transmit Beamforming (TxBF) - MU-MIMO - Frame aggregation (A-MSDU and A-MPDU)
Analyze behavior and resolve problems related to MAC layer operations	- Power Save operations - Protection mechanisms - Load balancing - Band Steering

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Reference: https://www.cwnp.com/certifications/cwap

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